Norbert Wiener and Ross Ashby, who pioneered the use of mathematics to study systems, carried out significant development in the concept of a system. In 1945 he introduced models, principles, and laws that apply to generalized systems or their subclasses, irrespective of their particular kind, the nature of their component elements, and the relation or 'forces' between them. The biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy became one of the pioneers of the general systems theory. In 1850, the German physicist Rudolf Clausius generalized this picture to include the concept of the surroundings and began to use the term 'working body' when referring to the system. The working substance could be put in contact with either a boiler, a cold reservoir (a stream of cold water), or a piston (on which the working body could do work by pushing on it).

In 1824 he studied the system which he called the working substance (typically a body of water vapor) in steam engines, in regards to the system's ability to do work when heat is applied to it. In the 19th century the French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, who studied thermodynamics, pioneered the development of the concept of a 'system' in the natural sciences. But in philosophy, prior to Descartes, there was no 'system'. You must have a very high visual gradient to have systematization.

The term system comes from the Latin word systēma, in turn from Greek σύστημα systēma: 'whole concept made of several parts or members, system', literary 'composition'.

5.3 Sociology, cognitive science and management research.

Suitcase fusion 3 system requirements